共同体の維持と文化 : 1945年以降の沖縄における芸能復興

Abstract

This article explores the relationship between the revival of performing arts in Okinawa post-1945 and the cultural policies enforced by the U.S. military government, highlighting the crucial role of cultural elements in sustaining a community. In the midst of Japan’s modernization, Okinawa had many opportunities to move toward assimilation and cultural adaptation. Despite losing many of its residents and cultural assets during the war, cultural elements and distinctive “forms” were preserved. During the U.S. military government rule, Okinawa stood in stark contrast to Japanese rule, prompting policies aimed at re-evaluating Okinawan elements and facilitating the restoration and reconstruction of the area. The Shimazu clan conquered Okinawa (Ryukyu Islands) in the early 17th century. Following the Meiji Restoration, the Ryukyu Domain was established in 1872 during Japan's centralization efforts. In 1879, it became the Okinawa Prefecture with the Ryukyu Disposal. In the broader context of the relationship between Okinawa and the Japanese state, Ryukyu/Okinawa can be perceived as a peripheral region (peripheral ethnic group) that was forcibly integrated and assimilated during modernization of the Japanese state. Okinawa adapted its own language, culture, and beliefs within a hierarchical structure that positioned mainland Japan at the center and in a higher position, relegating Okinawa to a distant and lower position. After the war in the Pacific, Okinawans rediscovered and reevaluated the past hardships (especially the events during the Ryukyu Dynasty era) through theater and music. The people of Okinawa rediscovered a sense of independence rooted in their culture, even under American military rule. After reintegration with Japan, Okinawan theater and song & dance drew inspiration from Ryukyu history (particularly, events during the period of crisis, such as the Ryukyu Disposition), while also serving as mirrors that reflected various aspects of the “image of Okinawa'' as required by specific cases and contexts.